In fields such as chemistry, biology, and medicine, commonly used laboratory glassware, with its unique materials and designs, meets complex experimental requirements and serves as a crucial tool for scientific research.
COMMON GLASSWARE
Beakers: Commonly seen, beakers are used for mixing, stirring, and heating liquids. Their volume ranges from 50 to 2000 milliliters. The wide - mouth design facilitates operation. Made of borosilicate glass, they have approximate markings and can withstand certain temperature changes.
Erlenmeyer Flasks: Conical in shape with a narrow neck, they are suitable for mixing and storing liquids. For example, in titration and microbial culture, shaking can make the components uniform.
Round - Bottom Flasks: With a spherical structure, they are used in distillation, reflux, and organic synthesis, capable of uniform heating.
Test Tubes: Small cylindrical containers, test tubes can be used for small - scale reactions and culturing microorganisms. They are easy to operate, and some are heat - resistant.
Volumetric Pipettes: Precisely measure and transfer specific volumes of liquid, used for preparing standard solutions.
Graduated Pipettes: Measure and transfer different volumes of liquid. They are less precise but more flexible in operation.
Burettes: Long, graduated with a stopcock, burettes are used for accurately measuring the volume of liquid in titration experiments. The graduations are precise, and the flow rate can be controlled.
Volumetric Flasks: With a long, slender neck and a pear - shaped body, equipped with a ground - glass stopper, volumetric flasks are used for accurately preparing solutions of a certain concentration. They come in various specifications, marked with graduations and temperature, and have good sealing performance.
Measuring Cylinders: Used to measure a certain volume of liquid, measuring cylinders come in various specifications with uniform graduations. Their accuracy is not as high as that of pipettes, but they are easy to operate and cost - effective.
Ordinary Funnels: Used for filtration, such as in the purification of crude salt.
Separatory Funnels: Separate immiscible liquids with different densities and can also be used to add reagents drop - by - drop. There are various types.
Glass Rods: Used for stirring, guiding liquid flow, and preventing liquid droplets from splashing. They are hard in texture, stable in chemical properties, and easy to clean.
Sand Core Funnel
Function: For solid - liquid separation, especially in precise filtration for high - purity filtrate, like sterilization filtration in microbiology or filtering fine - particle solutions in chemistry.
Characteristics: Made of sintered glass, high - accuracy, selectable pore sizes. Good chemical stability, but avoid hydrofluoric acid and hot concentrated alkaline solutions.
Sintered Glass Crucible
Function: Used in gravimetric analysis for precipitate filtration, washing, and ignition. In quantitative analysis, for precipitate mass determination after high - temperature ignition.
Characteristics: High - temperature resistant, filters precipitate without impurities. Keep away from highly corrosive reagents like hydrofluoric acid.
Petri Dish
Function: In biology, for culturing microorganisms and cells with solid/liquid media, to observe growth and reproduction.
Characteristics: Transparent, made of glass or plastic. Glass ones are heat - resistant for high - temp sterilization; plastic ones are low - cost and single - use to prevent cross - infection.
FEATURE
Chemical Resistance：Mostly made of borosilicate glass, they can resist strong acids, bases, and organic solvents, ensuring the accuracy and safety of experiments.
Thermal Stability：Can withstand rapid temperature changes and are not prone to cracking when heated, extending their service life and ensuring safety.
Transparency：Facilitates the observation of internal substance changes, providing an intuitive basis for experimental analysis.
USAGE PRECAUTIONS
Handling：Handle fragile glassware with care to avoid dropping and collision. When heating, choose the appropriate method. For directly - heated glassware, ensure it is dry and heated evenly. For glassware heated with an asbestos mesh, ensure the asbestos mesh is intact and stir the liquid.
Cleaning：Clean in a timely manner. Use mild detergents, and for stubborn stains, use specialized cleaning agents. Finally, rinse with distilled water to prevent residues from interfering with experiments.
Storage：Store in a clean, dry, and well - ventilated place. Volumetric glassware should be stored vertically. Small glassware can be placed on racks, and large glassware can be placed on benches or in cabinets. For glassware with ground - glass stoppers, place a small piece of paper between the stopper and the bottle mouth to prevent sticking.
